❤🚭welcome to https://er-ramimohamed.blogspot.com/ please if ou have any question or suggestion dont heisting 🚭 to send it to me at erramixx@gmail.com thanks محمــــــــــــد الــــــــــــــــرامي يرحبكم ويتمنى لــــــــــكم ان تقضوا 🌹🌹وقت مفيد

الأحد، 16 يونيو 2024

الثلاثاء، 11 يونيو 2024

AI technology

in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go).[2] However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore."[3][4] Alan Turing was the first person to conduct substantial research in the field that he called machine intelligence.[5] Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956.[6] The field went through multiple cycles of optimism,[7][8] followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI
winter.[9][10] Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques,[11] and after 2017 with the transformer architecture.[12] This led to the AI boom of the early 2020s, with companies, universities, and laboratories overwhelmingly based in the United States pioneering significant advances in art
ificial intelligence.[13] The growing use of artificial intelligence in the 21st century is influencing a societal and economic shift towards increased automation, data-driven decision-making, and the integration of AI systems into various economic sectors and areas of life, impacting job markets, healthcare, government, industry, education, propaganda, and disinformation. This raises questions about the long-term effects, ethical implications, and risks of AI, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety and benefits of the technology. The various subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, and support for robotics.[a] General intelligence—the ability to complete any task performable by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals.[14] To reach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations research, and economics.[b] AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and other fields.[15]

الجمعة، 29 يوليو 2022

Online dating Scams ..... scammer Who Stolen Billionaires and breaking heart the !

  • i was published this article on 2018  this an update 
The Truth Behind Sandi's Fiancé- Revealed! (June 8, 2022) - Dr. Phil 2022 (Ful 
Episodes 

Have you ever received an email a call phone  from a stranger , promising you millions of dollars or asking you for you for your financial status be aware the scammer can do anything even use Christ and Jesus and he will show you that he fall in true love with you and this can happen to any one anywhere to any person  in all over the world 

USE YOUR MIND DONT BE A VICTIMS TO THOSE PASTURED SCAMMER ,there are many step you much to  flow to keep your self  safe 

  ?  You should just delete it, because it is a pack of lies.

However, some people answers them, and they soon find out that they have to pay some fee in order to get the millions. Then comes the second fee, and the third fee, etc etc. No one has ever received the millions, but many have lost a lot of money, and some have even got killed.

This so called "Advance Fee Fraud" has become an industry in Nigeria most scams cames , and the surrounding countries. Another common name is "419 fraud" after Section 419  of the Nigerian Penal code, the section that specifically prohibits this type of crime.


The fraud is difficult to stop, but we can have some fun, and have the criminals use their time in vain. That  , I  

😂  will  recommend you to look at the at this YouTube channel





Exposing Nigerian online love scammers | 60 Minutes Australia




No
















whats should you do if you can report it through to





 Email: info@efcc.gov.ng or  



https://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/report-complaints


or you contact your country consulates in that originated country if you faced any abused by in one if you are a touriste 














  

الجمعة، 1 يوليو 2022

sub-Saharan SCAMMER ONCE YOU GO BLACK YOU NEVER GO BACK

 


Bags of money" tempt Moroccans... and fake billions evaporate in the sk

حكاية النصابة الافارقة.هام لكل مواطن مغربي.النصب و الاحتيال



in spite of the hospitality and good treat  and the care of the king ,
 people looking only after money ,the manipulation fraud all kind of scammer !raped kidnapping sex FOR MONEY, THEY DONT HAVE NO VALUE NO  MERCY,

"Bags of money" tempt Moroccans... and fake billions evaporate in the sky

After the immigrants from some countries that are experiencing tensions were taking advantage of modern means of communication in order to practice fraud, by sending messages via e-mail or social networking sites to their supposed victims, asking for their help in bringing large sums of money from their countries of origin to Morocco, In exchange for a share of that money, some immigrants took these scams from virtual space to the real world.

Social networks are full of warnings published by Moroccans, who have previously been subject to this fraud, warning against the temptation of “bags of money” that fraud practitioners consider their victims to benefit from, if they manage to bring it into Morocco, as they demand the supposed victim to enable them from a certain amount of money , in order to prepare papers for bringing money into Morocco, and as soon as they get the required amount of money, they disappear from view.

Hespress met an immigrant practicing this type of scam. after an appointment by phone; With an open face and expressions of seriousness, this immigrant from Guinea Conakry said, according to his claim, that he had a large sum of money estimated at more than a million dollars, which he inherited from his father, who was a general and died in a military coup. He keeps that money in a briefcase at his family's home in Guinea Conakry.

This immigrant, whom we met in the city of Témara, confirms that he was forced to leave his country because of the unstable conditions it knows, and to come to Morocco in search of someone to help him bring his money into the Kingdom, in order to invest it here; In order to convince his supposed victim, he says that he is looking to buy a café located in a privileged location in the capital, Rabat, before moving to the stage of trying to defraud, by asking the supposed victim to grant him an amount of money he set at 11,000 dirhams.

While calls to beware of the scams practiced by immigrants arriving in Morocco continue, Said Tabbel, former head of the Migration Committee of the Moroccan Association for Human Rights, downplayed the seriousness of this phenomenon, considering that highlighting it comes within the framework of restrictions on immigrants, especially those coming from African countries. south of the desert.

Said Al-Tabla, told Hespress: “The monument has existed in Morocco for a long time, and it did not start with the delegations of immigrants. There may be a few immigrant individuals who commit fraud, but we should not generalize this phenomenon.” The official at the Moroccan Association for Human Rights added: “We cannot deny the existence of fraud cases, but this should not be a way to say that it was the immigrants who introduced this phenomenon into the country.”

Follow the latest news fro
The monument to “Haraka” implicates an African woman
Photo: W.A.M

On Friday, the judicial police in the Anfa security area in Casablanca managed to arrest a woman from a sub-Saharan African country, on suspicion of her involvement in a case related to fraud and fraud against those wishing to immigrate.

The police interests in the city of Casablanca had opened a judicial investigation against the background of receiving six complaints from victims accusing the suspect of exposing them to fraud and fraud, by deceiving them of mediating their displacement to Europe to join football clubs, in exchange for varying amounts of money totaling more than one million and 63 thousand dirhams.

The suspect has been kept under theoretical guard at the disposal of the research that is taking place under the supervision of the competent Public Prosecution, in order to reveal all the circumstances and circumstances of this case, as well as to identify all the criminal acts attributed to the person concerned. m Hespress on Google News

الخميس، 23 يونيو 2022

Money Mule CYBER CRIME

 

Money Mules


 

Don’t Be a Mule: Awareness Can Prevent Crime

What Is a Money Mule?


 

A money mule is someone who transfers or moves illegally acquired money on behalf of someone else.

Criminals recruit money mules to help launder proceeds derived from online scams and frauds or crimes like human trafficking and drug trafficking. Money mules add layers of distance between crime victims and criminals, which makes it harder for law enforcement to accurately trace money trails.

Money mules can move funds in various ways, including through bank accounts, cashier’s checks, virtual currency, prepaid debit cards, or money service businesses.

Some money mules know they are supporting criminal enterprises; others are unaware that they are helping criminals profit.

Money mules often receive a commission for their service, or they might provide assistance because they believe they have a trusting or romantic relationship with the individual who is asking for help.

If you are moving money at the direction of another person, you may be serving as a money mule.

What Are the Consequences?


 

Acting as a money mule is illegal and punishable, even if you aren’t aware you’re committing a crime.

If you are a money mule, you could be prosecuted and incarcerated as part of a criminal money laundering conspiracy. Some of the federal charges you could face include mail fraud, wire fraud, bank fraud, money laundering, and aggravated identity theft.

Serving as a money mule can also damage your credit and financial standing. Additionally, you risk having your own personally identifiable information stolen and used by the criminals you are working for, and you may be held personally liable for repaying money lost by victims.

Who Is at Risk? 

Criminals often target students, those looking for work, or those on dating websites, but anyone can be approached to be a money mule.

What Are the Signs?


 

Work-from-Home Job Opportunities

  • You received an unsolicited email or social media message that promises easy money for little or no effort.
  • The “employer” you communicate with uses web-based email services (such as Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail, Outlook, etc.).
  • You are asked to open a bank account in your own name or in the name of a company you form to receive and transfer money.
  • As an employee, you are asked to receive funds in your bank account and then “process” or “transfer” funds via: wire transfer, ACH, mail, or money service business (such as Western Union or MoneyGram).
  • You are allowed to keep a portion of the money you transfer.
  • Your duties have no specific job description.

Dating and Social Media Sites

  • An online contact or companion, whom you have never met in person, asks you to receive money and then forward these funds to one or more individuals you do not know.

Protect Yourself 

  • Perform online searches to check the legitimacy of any company that offers you a job.
  • Do not accept any job offers that ask you to use your own bank account to transfer money. A legitimate company will not ask you to do this.
  • Be wary if an employer asks you to form a company to open up a new bank account.
  • Be suspicious if an individual you met on a dating website wants to use your bank account for receiving and forwarding money.
  • Never give your financial details to someone you don’t know and trust, especially if you met them online.

For more detail visit this website 

الأربعاء، 23 مارس 2022

What are the benefits of Ramadan?

رمضان كريم

















 Related What are the benefits of Ramadan? Benefits of Ramadan fasting What are the benefits of Ramadan? What are the virtues of Ramadan? Contents 1 What are the benefits of Ramadan? 2 Characteristics of the month of Ramadan ٣ المراجع What are the benefits of Ramadan? The worldly benefits of Ramadan The month of Ramadan has many benefits that accrue to man in this world, and the following are their explanation: [1] The Muslim gets used to self-control and jihad: he gets used to patience, bearing responsibility and hardships, which 



leads him to piety and adherence to the morals of Islam. The Muslim is accustomed to order, 


cooperation, and justice, so he develops in himself mercy, compassion for others, and his sense of them. Which motivates him to do good to the poor and needy, as well as achieves the principle of solidarity and compassion among Muslims, and keeps him away from evil and 

corruption. Educating the community, through fasting all Muslims at the same time, and the resulting cohesion between them, as it keeps people away from everything that corrupts society; such as stealing, and committing atrocities. [2] It develops in the fasting person a 

sense of Muslims: such as cooperation and solidarity with them, and raises him on good morals. [3] It strengthens the bond of the servant with his Lord: It also strengthens the bonds of brotherhood among the believers, and the servant obtains that reward. [4] The eschatological benefits of the month of Ramadan There are many other benefits to the month of Ramadan, and the following are a number of them: In Ramadan, the gates of heaven are opened, and the gates of heaven and mercy are opened, and the devils are chained up ,   



            and the gates of Hell are closed , according to the saying of the Prophet - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him-: ( When Ramadan begins, the gates of Paradise are opened, and they are closed. ) To reach the level of the righteous. [6] May God Almighty make it easy for the believer to do good deeds in him, and multiply his good deeds, so God Almighty gives 


him his reward without account, and forgives his sins, and the angels ask forgiveness for the fasting person until he breaks his fast, and all of this is from the grace of God Almighty on the fasting person. [7] Atonement for sins in the month of Ramadan, and forgiveness of sins ,                  just as his fasting is a reason to enter Paradise, for the saying of the Prophet - may God 



’s prayers and peace be upon him-: (That a man asked the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) . [9] [10] Doubling the reward, in Ramadan, God Almighty doubles the reward for good deeds, [11] and God Almighty has arranged for fasting a special great reward. He, peace and blessings of God be upon him, said: (Every deed of the son of Adam is doubled, good deed. Seven hundred times as much, God the Mighty and Sublime said: Except for fasting, for it is for Me and I will reward for it. He leaves his desires and his food for My sake . ) [12] [13] Fasting is one of the greatest acts of worship by which a person draws close to God Almighty during the month of Ramadan, and God Almighty has prepared for the fasting people a special door in Heaven called Rayyan. [14] Characteristics of the 


month of Ramadan The month of Ramadan is distinguished from the rest of the months by several features, as follows: The descent of the Qur'an in it, to say - ": (Ramadan, which revealed the Qur'aan Huda for people and between the guidance and the parents) , [15] It was in the night of fate, to say -": (We have emerged on the night of fate) . [16] Other divine books were also revealed in it, such as the Torah, the Injeel, and the Psalms, because the Prophet - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - said: (The Scrolls of Abraham were revealed on the first night of Ramadan, the Torah was revealed for six past Ramadan, and the Bible was revealed for the thirteenth of Ramadan, and the thirteenth night of Ramadan was revealed. during Ramadan, and the Qur’an was revealed on the twenty-fourth of Ramadan .  



 ” [17] Umrah in it is equivalent to Hajj, and the honorable Companions used to call Umrah in Ramadan: the lesser Hajj; For the meeting of honor of time and place in it, he - peace be upon him - said: (An Umrah in Ramadan fulfills a Hajj or Hajj with me) . [18] Ramadan fasting is one of the pillars of Islam. The Prophet - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - used to give a lot of charity during it, and it was more generous than the wind sent. On it is the Night of Decree, and its occurrence is a reason for forgiveness of sins, as the Prophet - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - said: (Whoever prays the Night of Decree with faith and anticipation, his previous sins will be forgiven [ 19]) It is Sunnah to pray Tarawih and I’tikaf, especially in the last ten days of it. [20]


الأربعاء، 9 مارس 2022

Islamophobia ,on the video of the attack of worshiping place in news Zélande 2019 live cold kill 49 Muslim are islam region of terrioriste as you considering ? you dont know whats is the truth islam is shut your moth ! show me how much hate, i must respect all region



Islamophobia: Understanding Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the West

In a 2011 meeting, the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, as well as the League of Arab States, a key partner, identified Islamophobia as an important area of concern. Gallup developed a specific set of analyses, based on measurement of public opinions of majority and minority groups in multiple countries, to guide policymakers in their efforts to address the global issue of Islamophobia.

Research shows that the U.S. identified more than 160 Muslim-American terrorist suspects and perpetrators in the decade since 9/11, just a percentage of the thousands of acts of violence that occur in the United States each year. It is from this overall collection of violence that "an efficient system of government prosecution and media coverage brings Muslim-American terrorism suspects to national attention, creating the impression -- perhaps unintentionally -- that Muslim-American terrorism is more prevalent than it really is." Never mind that since 9/11, the Muslim-American community has helped security and law enforcement officials prevent nearly two of every five al Qaeda terrorist plots threatening the United States[1] and that tips from the Muslim-American community are the largest single source of initial information to authorities about these few plots.[2]

Islamophobia affects more than a small fringe group of Muslims. Through various research vehicles and global polling efforts, Gallup has collected a wealth of data detailing public opinion about various aspects of respect, treatment, and tolerance relative to Muslims worldwide. This brief serves as a snapshot of opinion and thought displayed by people from multiple countries, regions, and communities -- findings that chronicle perceptions associated with Islamophobia globally.

Respect and Fair Treatment

Globally, many Muslims report not feeling respected by those in the West. Significant percentages of several Western countries share this sentiment, saying that the West does not respect Muslim societies. Specifically, 52% of Americans and 48% of Canadians say the West does not respect Muslim societies. Smaller percentages of Italian, French, German, and British respondents agree.

Those in the West Say Western Societies Do Not Respect MuslimsData reported from 2011[3]

Looking specifically at data from the U.S., U.K., France, and Germany, opinions about respect in the West for Muslim societies generally stayed consistent from 2008 to 2011, aside from a 9-percentage-point decrease among Germans.

Western Respect for Muslims Consistent From 2008 to 2011, Despite World EventsData reported from 2008 and 2011[4]

Several elements can affect the interactions and degree of respect between Muslim and Western societies. Differences in culture, religion, and political interests may shape one population's opinion toward the other. Definitions of Islamophobia tend to attribute fear or hatred of Muslims to their politics or culture, and to Islam and the religiosity of Muslims.

When asked where they think tensions between the Muslim and Western worlds originate, answers vary. Those in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) nations and in the U.S. and Canada equally cite religion and political interests as the primary cause of tensions. Sub-Saharan Africans more often cite religion than politics, while Europeans say political interests are the driving force behind Muslim-West tensions.

Across All Regions, Europe and MENA Most Likely to Point to Politics as Root Cause of Muslim-West TensionsData reported from 2008[5]

Religion and culture outpace politics across all regions surveyed as the root cause of tension between Muslim and Western worlds. This is significant in discussions about Islamophobia, considering political interests can vary and change while cultural and religious differences are more ingrained within populations.

Recent examples of Islamophobia exist within several countries. In late 2009, the largest party in the Swiss parliament put to referendum a ban on minaret construction. The government opposed the ban, citing harm to the country's image -- and particularly Muslims' views of Switzerland. Nearly 60% of Swiss voters and 22 out of 26 voting districts voted in favor of the ban, leading to cries of Islamophobia by leaders in countries such as Pakistan and organizations such as the United Nations.

In the month following the referendum, Gallup asked a representative sample of Swiss adults a series of questions about the issue specifically and Muslim rights in general. Most Swiss say that religious freedom is important for Swiss identity. About one-third agree that there is an irresolvable contradiction between liberal democracy and Islam. However, the Swiss are more likely to disagree (48%) than agree (38%) with that statement. Rather, 84% say it is possible for a Muslim to be a good Swiss patriot. When asked if those in the Swiss Muslim community have reason to believe they have been discriminated against in the wake of the minaret ban, two-thirds (68%) say no. Furthermore, most Swiss say they do not believe that the recent belief that Switzerland was being seen as willing to infringe on the rights of its Muslim minority in the wake of the referendum on minarets has harmed Switzerland's reputation in the international community.

Despite a very public debate on the banning of a religious symbol of Islam, much of the Swiss population did not believe that the Swiss Muslim community should feel discriminated against.

In 2008, Gallup asked representative samples from a subset of majority-Muslim countries about public perceptions of fair treatment of Muslims in the U.S., France, Britain, and China. While about one-third of this subset say that Muslims living in each of those countries are treated as equal citizens regarding their rights and freedoms, about one-quarter of respondents say these Muslims are not. About 40% of this subset of majority-Muslim countries say they don't know how these four countries treat their Muslim residents. The notion that Muslims in these countries are treated unfairly supports the idea that Muslims in general believe that unfair treatment of Muslims -- a component of Islamophobia -- does exist in Western societies.

One in Four Believe Muslims Living in U.S., France, Britain, and China Are Not Treated FairlyData reported from 2008

Research in a subset of majority-Muslim countries from within the MENA region, though, finds that more than one-half do not agree that Muslims in the West are treated as equal citizens. One-quarter of this population say Muslims in the West receive equal treatment, while about one-fifth say they do not know. This is another example of Muslims globally seeing the West as mistreating Muslims in their countries. This belief adds to the perception of Muslims being excluded from social, political, and civic life in Western societies.

More Than Half of Muslim Societies Sampled Believe Muslims in the West Are Not Treated as Equal CitizensData reported from 2008 and 2009

Majorities of representative populations within majority-Muslim countries globally say each of five actions Western societies could take are very important to showing respect to Muslim societies. About 8 in 10 say it would be very important to them, personally, if Western societies were to abstain from desecrating the Qur'an and other Muslim religious symbols. About 6 in 10 say it would be very important to them if those in the West treated Muslims fairly in the policies that affect them, protect the rights of Muslim minorities in these societies, accurately portray Muslims in Western media, and work with Muslim societies as equal partners on issues of mutual interest.

Western Muslim Rights Important to Muslims GloballyData reported from 2011

Prejudice

According to "Fear, Inc.," a report by the Center for American Progress, a network of misinformation experts actively promotes Islamophobia in America. The promotion of Islamophobia creates both prejudice and discrimination among the general population. Prejudice plays a key role in the existence and proliferation of Islamophobia. Prejudice alone, as a negative judgment, opinion, or attitude, is a detriment to a population's overall well-being. Prejudice combined with overt actions, rising to the level of discrimination, creates a dangerous environment for its victims. Gallup analyses offer an examination of prejudice against Muslims and Islam in a number of countries and regions globally.

In the U.S., about one-half of nationally representative samples of Mormons, Protestants, Catholics, Muslims, and Jews agree that in general, most Americans are prejudiced toward Muslim Americans. Specifically, 66% of Jewish Americans and 60% of Muslim Americans say that Americans in general are prejudiced toward Muslim Americans.

About Half of Americans From Major Religious Groups Believe Most Americans Are Prejudiced Toward Muslim AmericansData reported from 2010

Muslims (48%) are more likely than Americans of other major religious groups to say they, personally, have experienced racial or religious discrimination in the past year. Muslim Americans are more than twice as likely as U.S. Jews, Catholics, and Protestants to say they experienced such discrimination in the past year.

Muslims Most Likely to Have Experienced Racial or Religious DiscriminationData reported from 2010

The 48% of Muslim Americans who say they experienced racial or religious discrimination is on par with Hispanic Americans (48%) and African Americans (45%), as calculated from a combination of these same groups. Arab Americans (52%) are most likely to say they experienced this type of discrimination.

Self-reported knowledge, whether accurate or not, about the religion of Islam seems to affect Americans' feelings of prejudice toward Muslims. Of Americans who say they have no personal prejudice toward Muslims, 29% say they have no knowledge at all about Islam. In fact, those who say they hold no prejudice toward Muslims are more likely than those who say they hold a little, some, or a great deal of prejudice to say they have no knowledge about Islam.

Those With No Prejudice Know Least About IslamData reported from 2007 and 2009

Even among Americans who report no personal prejudice toward Muslims, one-third say they have an unfavorable opinion about Islam (36%). Unsurprisingly, those indicating they have a great deal of prejudice toward Muslims are the most unfavorable about Islam (91% unfavorable). That one-third of those with no reported prejudice have an unfavorable opinion of Islam is alarming because it indicates that those who harbor no reported prejudice for the people maintain negative views about the religion.

One-Third of Americans Reporting No Prejudice Toward Muslims Have Unfavorable Views of IslamData reported from 2007 and 2009

People who display a personal prejudice toward Muslims are not negative about religion in general or minority religions overall. For example, Americans who say they are at least a little prejudiced against Muslims express favorable opinions about Judaism, regardless of the degree to which they hold prejudice against Muslims.

Familiarity with individual Muslims makes a small difference in reported levels of personal prejudice toward Muslims. Fifty-three percent of those Americans who say they hold no prejudice toward Muslims say they know someone who practices Islam. Comparatively, 44% of those who say they have a great deal of prejudice toward Muslims say the same.

The greater their self-reported prejudice toward Muslims, the more likely Americans are to say most Muslims around the world do not want peace and are not accepting of other religions and of people of races other than their own. Regardless of personal prejudice against Muslims, at least one in five Americans say that most Muslims around the world are not accepting of other religions and of people of different races other than their own. In fact, about one-third of those reporting no prejudice toward Muslims say Muslims around the world are not accepting of other religions.

Regardless of Self-Reported Prejudice, Substantial Proportions See Muslims as Intolerant of Other ReligionsData reported from 2007 and 2009

Gallup finds Muslim Americans, however, are among the most integrated religious groups in the U.S. Gallup Religious Tolerance Index, which measures people's attitudes toward religious faiths different from their own and ranks survey respondents by three categories: Isolated, Tolerant, and Integrated people (see sidebar for definitions).

Among U.S. religious groups, 44% of Muslim Americans are integrated, on par with Mormons (46%) and greater than Jewish Americans (36%), Protestants (35%), and Catholics (34%).

When examining religious tolerance globally, the U.S. and Canada and sub-Saharan Africa rate as the most integrated regions Gallup studied. Respondents from sub-Saharan Africa are also most likely to explain the root causes of tensions between Muslim and Western societies as religious. MENA and Asia are the most isolated regions, along with Europe and the former Soviet Union.

Muslim respondents globally are no different from Western societies in their level of integration and openness to people of other faiths.

Integrated Populations Vary Globally and Are Not Consistent Across Muslim or Western CountriesData reported from 2008 through 2010[6]

Gallup's Global Practice Leader for Faith Communities, Dr. Albert L. Winseman, developed the Religious Tolerance Index in 2002 with Gallup scientists Dr. Jim Harter and Julie Hawkins to measure Americans' attitudes toward religious faiths that are different from their own. The Index is based on respondents' level of agreement with the following five statements on a scale of "1" (strongly disagree) to "5" (strongly agree):

· I always treat people of other religious faiths with respect.

· Most religious faiths make a positive contribution to society.

· I would not object to a person of a different religious faith moving next door.

· People of other religions always treat me with respect.

· In the past year, I have learned something from someone of another religious faith.

From the combination of their answers, Gallup classifies populations as:

Isolated: Isolated individuals tend not to be members of any particular faith group, but if they are, they tend to believe in the truth of their perspective above all others. They do not want to know about other religions. They also neither respect nor feel respected by those of other faiths.

Tolerant: Tolerant individuals have a "live-and-let-live" attitude toward people of other faiths, and they generally feel that they treat others of different faiths with respect. However, they are not likely to learn from or about other religions.

Integrated: Integrated individuals go beyond a "live-and-let-live" attitude and actively seek to know more about and learn from others of different religious traditions. They believe that most faiths make a positive contribution to society. Furthermore, integrated people not only feel they respect people from other faith traditions, but they also feel respected by them.

In America, prejudice toward Muslim Americans exists among both men and women, young and old, uneducated and learned. Still, there are some differences in prejudice levels within different demographic groups. Men are more likely than women, for example, to say they have some or a great deal of prejudice toward Muslims. Those who report a great deal of prejudice toward Muslims are more likely than those who report none or smaller levels of prejudice to have completed only a high school-level education. And those who report a great deal of prejudice toward Muslims are more likely than those with lesser or no such prejudice to be married. Higher levels of prejudice toward Muslims do not correlate with age and urbanicity, though.

Those With Great Deal of Prejudice Report Lowest Educational AchievementData reported from 2007 and 2009

Americans Reporting Most Prejudice Toward Muslims More Likely to Be Married

As Americans' self-proclaimed prejudice toward Muslims increases, so too does the likelihood of claiming the Republican party as their political affiliation. Fifty percent of those who report a great deal of prejudice toward Muslims say they are Republicans, compared with 17% of those who identify as Democrats and 7% as independents. Those who report no prejudice toward Muslims are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans, 39% to 23%, respectively.

Americans Reporting Most Prejudice Toward Muslims More Likely to Be RepublicansData reported from 2007 and 2009

Loyalty to the United States

Gallup asked Americans whether they think Muslim Americans are loyal or not loyal to the U.S. Perceptions of disloyalty tend to fuel the flames of Islamophobia. If one believes that Muslims are not loyal, one may also believe that Muslims should be feared, not trusted, and not treated fairly. A feeling that Muslim Americans are disloyal to the U.S. is examined as a crucial component of Islamophobia. Women are more likely than men to think that Muslims in American are not loyal to the U.S. Those who think Muslim Americans are loyal to the country are younger than those who say Muslim Americans aren't loyal to the U.S. And while most Americans (87%) strongly agree that they would not object to a person of a different religion living next door to them, those who say Muslim Americans are loyal to the U.S. are more likely than those who don't to strongly agree that they would not object to neighbors of a different faith.

Americans who think their Muslim peers are loyal to the U.S. are more likely than those who question this loyalty to have confidence in a number of major U.S. institutions. Specifically, those who say Muslim Americans are loyal to the country are more likely to say they themselves have confidence in the U.S. judicial system (63% vs. 41%), in honesty of elections (49% vs. 27%), in the media (29% vs. 14%), in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (73% vs. 61%), and in local police (82% vs. 75%). The exception to this is Americans' confidence in the military, which is slightly greater among those who say Muslim Americans are not loyal to the U.S. However, most Americans say they have confidence in the military, regardless of their opinion about Muslim Americans' loyalty.

Americans Who Suspect Muslim Loyalty Are Least Likely to Have Confidence in U.S. Democratic InstitutionsData reported from 2010

Overall, one-third of Americans say they think Muslim countries have a very unfavorable opinion of the U.S. People who say Muslim Americans are not loyal to the U.S. are much more likely than those who say Muslim Americans are loyal to think people in Muslim countries harbor very unfavorable views of the U.S. Overall, though, majorities of Americans who say Muslim Americans are loyal or not loyal to the U.S. think people in Muslim countries have at least somewhat unfavorable views of America.

Americans Who Suspect Muslim Loyalty Are Least Likely to Have Confidence in U.S. Democratic InstitutionsData reported from 2010

Of those who say Muslim countries have unfavorable views of America, more than one-half (57%) say it is based mostly on misinformation provided by the media and government in those countries about what the U.S. has done, while about one-third (32%) say it is mostly because of what the U.S. has done. Those who say Muslim Americans are not loyal to the U.S. are much more likely to say these unfavorable views in Muslim countries are because of misinformation by these countries' media and government (70%), and not based on past U.S. actions (17%). Those who say Muslim Americans are loyal to the U.S. are still more likely to say unfavorable views in Muslim countries are due to misinformation (54%) than to U.S. actions (35%).

Americans Viewing Muslims as Not Loyal Believe Negative Global Muslim Sentiment Is Unfounded

Two-thirds of Americans surveyed in this particular study say that religion is an important part of their daily lives. Those who say Muslim Americans are not loyal to the U.S. are more likely than those who say Muslims are loyal to claim religion is an important part of their daily life (74% vs. 65%).

European Muslims Feeling the Pressure

Gallup collected data in 2008 from representative samples in Germany, France, and the U.K., focusing on several issues related to the social and cultural integration of Muslim communities in these three countries. And while majorities of the adults in these countries agree that people from minority groups enrich the cultural life of their nations, sizable minorities of these respondents express fear about certain aspects of Muslim culture.

Most Believe People From Minority Groups Enrich Cultural Life, Few Believe People With Different Religious Practices Threaten Their Way of LifeData reported from 2008

Only the general population in the U.K. includes a sizable minority -- more than one-quarter -- that says people with different religious practices than theirs threaten respondents' way of life. The Muslim populations in France, Germany, and the U.K. are less likely than the general public in these countries to say those with differing religious practices threaten their way of life.

Between 16% and 21% of people in France, Germany, and the U.K. say they would not like Muslims as their neighbors, similar to the percentages of each country's general population that say they would not like homosexuals as neighbors. Generally, people in these countries are more likely to say they would not like Muslims as neighbors than they are to say the same about Jews, Christians, atheists, blacks, and Asians. An exception exists in the U.K., though, where 22% of people say they would not like immigrants or foreign workers as neighbors.

Muslims Among the Least Desirable NeighborsData reported from 2008

Significant proportions of the French, German, and British publics consider different Muslim practices and relationships threatening. For example, 16% of Germans, 30% of British, and 39% of French say that wearing the hijab -- the traditional head covering worn by Muslim women -- is a threat to European culture. Similar proportions associate Muslims with terror, as 23% of Germans, 25% of the French, and 34% of the British say that Muslims are sympathetic to al Qaeda.

Overall, however, large majorities of French (90%), British (90%), and German (95%) respondents say they have not experienced racial or religious discrimination in the past year. Among Muslims in each of these three countries, those in France and Germany are significantly more likely than the general population to say they experienced discrimination in the past year.

Addressing Islamophobia by Bringing People Closer Together

Proportions of the general populations in these three countries are reluctant to have Muslims as neighbors. This reluctance manifests itself in people's decisions of whether or not to live in diverse communities. However, individuals living in mixed communities might be most open to those different from themselves, and least likely to be Islamophobic.

The general populations in France (49%), Germany (51%), and the U.K. (48%) are most likely to say they live in a neighborhood generally comprised of people who share their ethnic and religious backgrounds. Significant percentages of each population, though, say their neighborhoods are made up of a mix of people, including those who share their ethnic and religious backgrounds and others who do not. Specifically, 40% of French, 38% of German, and 43% of British respondents say they live among diverse neighborhoods. Muslims in France (74%), Germany (53%), and the U.K. (54%) are more likely to say they live in diverse neighborhoods than mostly homogenous ones.

Gallup studied more closely what types of neighborhoods people in each of these three European countries say they would live in if they could.

  • In France, people are most likely to want to live in neighborhoods with a mix of people of varying religious and ethnic backgrounds, regardless of where they currently live. Fifty-two percent of those who live in a more homogeneous community would prefer a diverse neighborhood, and 80% of those who currently live in a more diverse neighborhood or local area would want to stay in such a neighborhood.

  • In the U.K., people are more apt to prefer a community similar to the one in which they currently reside. Specifically, 55% of those who live in a mostly homogenous neighborhood now would prefer to live in that same type of situation, while 80% of those who live in a diverse neighborhood currently would prefer that if they could live in any neighborhood in the country.

  • Those in Germany who live among people of mostly similar religious and ethnic backgrounds are somewhat split between wanting to live in a mostly homogenous neighborhood (42%) or in a more varied one (48%) if they could chose anywhere in the country to live. Those who already live among people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds, though, are much more likely to say they would choose the same type of neighborhood (74%) than to reside among mostly similar people (19%) if given the choice.

In Germany, France, and the U.K., though, Gallup found that isolated individuals are more likely than tolerant and integrated people to say they live among people with mostly similar religious and ethnic backgrounds. Integrated (70%) and tolerant (65%) people are more likely than isolated individuals (49%) to say they live in more diverse neighborhoods.

Americans Who Suspect Muslim American Loyalty Are More Likely to View Muslims Worldwide as Anti-AmericanData reported from 2008

Additionally, isolated respondents in Germany, the U.K., and France are more likely than tolerant and integrated respondents to say they would not like Muslims as neighbors. The same holds true when considering whether they would want immigrants or foreign workers as their neighbors.

As Integration Goes Up, Reluctance to Have Neighbors of the Following Groups Goes DownData reported from 2008

Isolated people in France, the U.K., and Germany are more likely than their tolerant and integrated counterparts to say women who wear the hijab are a threat to European culture. Conversely, people are more likely to say the wearing of the hijab is an enrichment to European culture as they move from isolated to tolerant to integrated, as measured by the Religious Tolerance Index.

Isolated People More Likely to See Headscarf as a ThreatData reported from 2008

People who are isolated (38%) are more likely than those who are tolerant (22%) or integrated (15%) to say Muslims are sympathetic to al Qaeda. Those who are isolated (29%) are also more likely than tolerant (13%) or integrated (6%) people to agree that others with different religious practices than their own threaten their way of life.

Within key Western societies, there are genuine negative perceptions, prejudices, and discriminations targeted against Muslims. Seeing Muslims as not loyal, voicing prejudice against Muslims, and avoiding Muslims as neighbors are all symptoms of Islamophobia that exist in the West. However, these feelings do not characterize Western countries. They are generally shared by a subset of the general population, though they exist in substantial enough numbers to draw both attention and concern. The very existence of Islamophobia is something to be addressed. The degree to which individuals expressing Islamophobia have particular views of Muslims in their communities, Muslims globally, and Islam as a religion is genuine and quantifiable with measurable outcomes.

Survey Methods

Survey MethodsSurvey Methods

[1] Alejandro J. Beutel, "Data on Post-9/11 Terrorism in the United States" (Washington, D.C.: Muslim Public Affairs Council, 2011), available at http://www.mpac.org/assets/docs/publications/MPAC-Post-911-Terrorism-Data.pdf

[2] Charles Kurzman, "Muslim-American Terrorism Since 9/11: An Accounting" (Chapel Hill, NC: Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security, 2011), available at http://sanford.duke.edu/centers/tcths/about/documents/Kurzman_Muslim-American_Terrorism_Since_911_An_Accounting.pdf

[3] Please refer to the Gallup Muslim-West Perceptions Index: Inaugural Findings report for methodology.

[4] Please refer to the Gallup Muslim-West Perceptions Index: Inaugural Findings report for methodology.

[5] Data appear in Abu Dhabi Gallup Center report Measuring the State of Muslim-West Relations: Assessing the "New Beginning," page 35.

[6] Results are based on face-to-face interviews with approximately 1,000 adults in each country in the regions listed, aged 15 and older, from 2008 through 2010.